RENUM CAPS Renum is a kidney function protector. It is composed of: Trans coenzyme Q10 and tocopherols. This type of coenzyme Q10 targets the NOX4 enzyme system, primarily found in the kidneys, which is responsible for generating the imbalance that causes oxidative stress. It corrects the functioning of the cellular respiration system, restoring redox balance. Tocopherols. They act at the level of LDL, preventing lipid peroxidation. This refers to a chain of reactions generated by free radicals at the level of the cell membrane, modifying the structure of lipids, primarily unsaturated ones. This causes damage to the cell membrane and loss of its functions, leading to a consequent loss of cellular function. Vegetable and fish oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. They act by protecting cell membranes and providing their structural components. How does Renum present itself? Renum capsules: they are soft gelatin capsules (softgels). Containers of 30 and 90 capsules. Renum drops: dropper bottle containing 15 ml. How is Renum managed? It is administered orally, directly into the animals mouth or by emptying the contents into the food. What is the dose? Capsules Dogs under 15 kg: 1 capsule/day Dogs weighing 15 to 30 kg: 2 capsules/day Dogs over 30 kg: 3 capsules/day Drops 5 drops/Kg Oxidative stress and kidney disease What is oxidative stress (OS)? Oxidative stress describes the damage caused to various tissues and organs by free radicals. These are a type of molecule derived from oxygen metabolism and are present in all organisms that use oxygen. Most are of endogenous origin and are byproducts of normal and essential reactions, such as mitochondrial energy production and detoxification reactions. External factors include infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Oxidative stress occurs in cells and tissues when there is a disruption in the balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant substances, favoring the former. The main oxidizing substances in biological systems are oxygen-derived free radicals, also known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are intermediate molecules in chemical reactions and differ from other molecules in that they have orbitals with unpaired electrons. This makes them extraordinarily unstable and reactive, and their avidity for electrons to complete their orbitals makes their attacks on other molecular structures highly destructive. Among the main ROS are the superoxide anion (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the hydroxyl radical (OH), singlet oxygen (1O2- ) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Oxidative stress in the kidney During the last decade, considerable effort has been devoted to investigating the role of free radicals in the development of diseases. In the case of the kidney, oxidative stress represents the common denominator of the mechanism of kidney damage caused by nephropathies of very diverse origins. Thus, the damage that can be suffered by the kidney exposed to ischemia, to nephrotoxic or infectious agents, as well as to obstructions of the urinary tract, is associated with a pro-oxidant predominance with respect to antioxidant defenses. A frequent target of pro-oxidant agents is the lipids in renal cell membranes, causing their peroxidation. This lipid peroxidation compromises the integrity of the basement membrane and the epithelium of the organs, and can therefore also affect the transport functions performed in the renal tubule. Mechanisms of kidney damage The mechanisms through which ROS can contribute to the progression of kidney disease are as follows: - Hemodynamically, by damaging the characteristic properties of the glomerulus. - Inducing uncoordinated and aberrant growth responses. - By inducing the loss of cellular phenotype and apoptosis (cell death caused by the organism itself). - Promoting acute and chronic inflammatory responses: oxidants can promote the adhesion of certain pro-inflammatory molecules and mediators that are clearly involved in the progression of kidney disease. In conclusion, we see that oxidative stress represents the common denominator of the mechanism of kidney damage caused by nephropathies resulting from very diverse etiologies; therefore, one way to protect the kidney from the risk of injury is to act through a mechanism that reduces the degree of oxidative stress that may affect it in pathological states. One of the ways in which antioxidant substances (Vit. E) act is by placing themselves on the surface of LDL molecules and thus contributing to the protection of the oxidizable groups of LDL against the action of free radicals. The kidneys ability to defend itself against oxidative stress also depends on intracellular antioxidant defenses. Mitochondria (the intracellular organelle responsible for cellular respiration) and oxidative stress play a crucial role in the renal inflammatory process. Coenzyme Q10 plays an important role in the cellular respiration process, increasing the production of ATP (molecule that provides the energy needed to perform the different cellular functions) and decreasing the amount of free radicals (ROS). Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a mitochondrial coenzyme that is essential for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the bodys form of chemical energy. The human body has approximately 100 trillion cells, and each cell must produce its own energy to carry out its biological functions. RENUM activates and protects kidney function RENUM Capsules and RENUM Drops combine the action of CoQ10 TRANS* with different types of tocopherols (α, β, γ, δ). Due to its composition and characteristics, RENUM targets the NOX4 enzyme system, which is primarily expressed in the kidneys. Trans Coenzyme Q10: Coenzyme Q10 supplements can be trans CoQ10 obtained from natural sources by yeast fermentation, or cis trans CoQ10 obtained by a process that produces the undesirable cis isomer (lower absorption and activity). Presentation Renum capsules 30 and 90 soft capsules, boxes of 15 units Renum drops, 15 ml bottle, boxes of 12 units